{"id":634,"date":"2012-07-10T16:43:55","date_gmt":"2012-07-10T08:43:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/rmohan.com\/?p=634"},"modified":"2012-07-10T16:44:08","modified_gmt":"2012-07-10T08:44:08","slug":"my-loveable-linux-commands","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/?p=634","title":{"rendered":"My Loveable Linux Commands"},"content":{"rendered":"

My Loveable Linux Commands<\/strong>
\nCommand\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Description<\/strong><\/p>\n

apropos whatis\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show commands pertinent to string See also threadsafe
\nman -t ascii | ps2pdf – > asciipdf\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0make a pdf of a manual page
\nwhich command\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show full path name of command
\ntime command\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0See how long a command takes
\ntime cat\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Start stopwatch Ctrl-d to stop See also sw<\/p>\n

Dir navigation<\/strong><\/p>\n

cd –\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Go to previous directory
\ncd\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Go to $HOME directory
\n(cd dir && command)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir
\npushd \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it<\/p>\n

File searching<\/strong><\/p>\n

alias l=’ls -l –color=auto’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0quick dir listing
\nls -lrt\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List files by date See also newest and find_mm_yyyy
\nls \/usr\/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Print in 9 columns to width of terminal
\nfind -name ‘*[ch]’ | xargs grep -E ‘expr’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Search ‘expr’ in this dir and below See also findrepo
\nfind -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F ‘example’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Search all regular files for ‘example’ in this dir and below
\nfind -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F ‘example’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Search all regular files for ‘example’ in this dir
\nfind -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop)
\nfind -type f ! -perm -444\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Find files not readable by all (useful for web site)
\nfind -type d ! -perm -111\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site)
\nlocate -r ‘file[^\/]*\\txt’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Search cached index for names This re is like glob *file*txt
\nlook reference\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Quickly search (sorted) dictionary for prefix
\ngrep –color reference \/usr\/share\/dict\/words\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary<\/p>\n

Archives and compression<\/strong><\/p>\n

gpg -c file\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Encrypt file
\ngpg filegpg\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Decrypt file
\ntar -c dir\/ | bzip2 > dirtarbz2\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Make compressed archive of dir\/
\nbzip2 -dc dirtarbz2 | tar -x\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for targz files)
\ntar -c dir\/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote ‘dd of=dirtargzgpg’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Make encrypted archive of dir\/ on remote machine
\nfind dir\/ -name ‘*txt’ | tar -c –files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txttarbz2\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Make archive of subset of dir\/ and below
\nfind dir\/ -name ‘*txt’ | xargs cp -a –target-directory=dir_txt\/ –parents\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Make copy of subset of dir\/ and below
\n( tar -c \/dir\/to\/copy ) | ( cd \/where\/to\/ && tar -x -p )\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Copy (with permissions) copy\/ dir to \/where\/to\/ dir
\n( cd \/dir\/to\/copy && tar -c\u00a0 ) | ( cd \/where\/to\/ && tar -x -p )\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Copy (with permissions) contents of copy\/ dir to \/where\/to\/
\n( tar -c \/dir\/to\/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote ‘cd \/where\/to\/ && tar -x -p’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Copy (with permissions) copy\/ dir to remote:\/where\/to\/ dir
\ndd bs=1M if=\/dev\/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote ‘dd of=sdagz’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Backup harddisk to remote machine<\/p>\n

rsync (Network efficient file copier: Use the –dry-run option for testing)<\/strong><\/p>\n

rsync -P rsync:\/\/rsyncservercom\/path\/to\/file file\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Only get diffs Do multiple times for troublesome downloads
\nrsync –bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Locally copy with rate limit It’s like nice for I\/O
\nrsync -az -e ssh –delete ~\/public_html\/ remotecom:’~\/public_html’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Mirror web site (using compression and encryption)
\nrsync -auz -e ssh remote:\/dir\/\u00a0 && rsync -auz -e ssh\u00a0 remote:\/dir\/\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Synchronize current directory with remote one<\/p>\n

ssh (Secure SHell)<\/strong><\/p>\n

ssh $USER@$HOST command\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Run command on $HOST as $USER (default command=shell)
\nssh -f -Y $USER@$HOSTNAME xeyes\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Run GUI command on $HOSTNAME as $USER
\nscp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir\/\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Copy with permissions to $USER’s home directory on $HOST
\nscp -c arcfour $USER@$LANHOST: bigfile\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Use faster crypto for local LAN This might saturate GigE
\nssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Forward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080 out to $HOST:80
\nssh -R 1434:imap:143 root@$HOST\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Forward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143
\nssh-copy-id $USER@$HOST\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Install public key for $USER@$HOST for password-less log in<\/p>\n

wget (multi purpose download tool)<\/strong><\/p>\n

(cd dir\/ && wget -nd -pHEKk http:\/\/wwwpixelbeatorg\/cmdlinehtml)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir
\nwget -c http:\/\/wwwexamplecom\/largefile\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Continue downloading a partially downloaded file
\nwget -r -nd -np -l1 -A ‘*jpg’ http:\/\/wwwexamplecom\/dir\/\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Download a set of files to the current directory
\nwget [url]ftp:\/\/remote\/file[\/url][1-9]iso\/\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0FTP supports globbing directly
\nwget -q -O- http:\/\/wwwpixelbeatorg\/timelinehtml | grep ‘a href’ | head\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Process output directly
\necho ‘wget url’ | at 01:00\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Download url at 1AM to current dir
\nwget –limit-rate=20k url\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB\/s in this case)
\nwget -nv –spider –force-html -i bookmarkshtml\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Check links in a file
\nwget –mirror http:\/\/wwwexamplecom\/\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron)<\/p>\n

Networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete)<\/strong><\/p>\n

ethtool eth0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show status of ethernet interface eth0
\nethtool –change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Manually set ethernet interface speed
\niwconfig eth1\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show status of wireless interface eth1
\niwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb\/s fixed\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Manually set wireless interface speed
\niwlist scan\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List wireless networks in range
\nip link show\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List network interfaces
\nip link set dev eth0 name wan\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Rename interface eth0 to wan
\nip link set dev eth0 up\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Bring interface eth0 up (or down)
\nip addr show\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List addresses for interfaces
\nip addr add 1234\/24 brd + dev eth0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Add (or del) ip and mask (2552552550)
\nip route show\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List routing table
\nip route add default via 123254\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Set default gateway to 123254
\nhost pixelbeatorg\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Lookup DNS ip address for name or vice versa
\nhostname -i\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`)
\nwhois pixelbeatorg\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Lookup whois info for hostname or ip address
\nnetstat -tupl\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List internet services on a system
\nnetstat -tup\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List active connections to\/from system<\/p>\n

windows networking (Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support)<\/strong><\/p>\n

smbtree\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Find windows machines See also findsmb
\nnmblookup -A 1234\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address
\nsmbclient -L windows_box\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List shares on windows machine or samba server
\nmount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest \/\/windows_box\/share \/mnt\/share\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Mount a windows share
\necho ‘message’ | smbclient -M windows_box\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2)<\/p>\n

Text manipulation (Note sed uses stdin and stdout Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option)<\/strong><\/p>\n

sed ‘s\/string1\/string2\/g’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Replace string1 with string2
\nsed ‘s\/\\(*\\)1\/\\12\/g’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Modify anystring1 to anystring2
\nsed ‘\/ *#\/d; \/^ *$\/d’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Remove comments and blank lines
\nsed ‘:a; \/\\\\$\/N; s\/\\\\\\n\/\/; ta’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Concatenate lines with trailing \\
\nsed ‘s\/[ \\t]*$\/\/’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Remove trailing spaces from lines
\nsed ‘s\/\\([`”$\\]\\)\/\\\\\\1\/g’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes
\nseq 10 | sed “s\/^\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/; s\/ *\\(\\{7,\\}\\)\/\\1\/”\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Right align numbers
\nsed -n ‘1000{p;q}’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Print 1000th line
\nsed -n ‘10,20p;20q’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Print lines 10 to 20
\nsed -n ‘s\/*<title>\\(*\\)<\\\/title>*\/\\1\/ip;T;q’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Extract title from HTML web page
\nsed -i 42d ~\/ssh\/known_hosts\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Delete a particular line
\nsort -t -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Sort IPV4 ip addresses
\necho ‘Test’ | tr ‘[:lower:]’ ‘[:upper:]’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Case conversion
\ntr -dc ‘[:print:]’ < \/dev\/urandom\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Filter non printable characters
\ntr -s ‘[:blank:]’ ‘\\t’ <\/proc\/diskstats | cut -f4\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0cut fields separated by blanks
\nhistory | wc -l\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Count lines<\/p>\n

set operations (Note you can export LANG=C for speed Also these assume no duplicate lines within a file)<\/strong>
\nsort file1 file2 | uniq\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Union of unsorted files
\nsort file1 file2 | uniq -d\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Intersection of unsorted files
\nsort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Difference of unsorted files
\nsort file1 file2 | uniq -u\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Symmetric Difference of unsorted files
\njoin -t’\\0′ -a1 -a2 file1 file2\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Union of sorted files
\njoin -t’\\0′ file1 file2\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Intersection of sorted files
\njoin -t’\\0′ -v2 file1 file2\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Difference of sorted files
\njoin -t’\\0′ -v1 -v2 file1 file2\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Symmetric Difference of sorted files<\/p>\n

math<\/strong>
\necho ‘(1 + sqrt(5))\/2’ | bc -l\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Quick math (Calculate ?) See also bc
\nseq -f ‘4\/%g’ 1 2 99999 | paste -sd-+ | bc -l\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Calculate ? the unix way
\necho ‘pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)\/((pad+min)*8)’ | bc\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0More complex (int) eg This shows max FastE packet rate
\necho ‘pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)\/((pad+min)*8)’ | python\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Python handles scientific notation
\necho ‘pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)\/((pad+x)*8)’ | gnuplot -persist\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size
\necho ‘obase=16; ibase=10; 64206’ | bc\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal)
\necho $((0x2dec))\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion))
\nunits -t ‘100m\/958s’ ‘miles\/hour’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Unit conversion (metric to imperial)
\nunits -t ‘500GB’ ‘GiB’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Unit conversion (SI to IEC prefixes)
\nunits -t ‘1 googol’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Definition lookup
\nseq 100 | (tr ‘\\n’ +; echo 0) | bc\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Add a column of numbers See also add and funcpy<\/p>\n

calendar<\/strong>
\ncal -3\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Display a calendar
\ncal 9 1752\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Display a calendar for a particular month year
\ndate -d fri\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0What date is it this friday See also day
\n[ $(date -d ’12:00 +1 day’ +%d) = ’01’ ] || exit\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0exit a script unless it’s the last day of the month
\ndate –date=’25 Dec’ +%A\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0What day does xmas fall on, this year
\ndate –date=’@2147483647′\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to date
\nTZ=’America\/Los_Angeles’ date\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0What time is it on west coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ)
\ndate –date=’TZ=”America\/Los_Angeles” 09:00 next Fri’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0What’s the local time for 9AM next Friday on west coast US<\/p>\n

locales<\/strong><\/p>\n

printf “%’d\\n” 1234\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale
\nBLOCK_SIZE=\\’1 ls -l\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Use locale thousands grouping in ls See also l
\necho “I live in `locale territory`”\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Extract info from locale database
\nLANG=en_IEutf8 locale int_prefix\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Lookup locale info for specific country See also ccodes
\nlocale -kc $(locale | sed -n ‘s\/\\(LC_\\{4,\\}\\)=*\/\\1\/p’) | less\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List fields available in locale database<\/p>\n

recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos)<\/strong><\/p>\n

recode -l | less\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show available conversions (aliases on each line)
\nrecode windows-1252 file_to_changetxt\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Windows “ansi” to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion)
\nrecode utf-8\/CRLF file_to_changetxt\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Windows utf8 to local charset
\nrecode iso-8859-15utf8 file_to_changetxt\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Latin9 (western europe) to utf8
\nrecode \/b64 < filetxt > fileb64\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Base64 encode
\nrecode \/qp < fileqp > filetxt\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Quoted printable decode
\nrecode HTML < filetxt > filehtml\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Text to HTML
\nrecode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Lookup table of characters
\necho -n 0x80 | recode latin-9\/x1dump\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap
\necho -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2\/x2latin-9\/x\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show latin-9 encoding
\necho -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2\/x2utf-8\/x\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show utf-8 encoding
\nCDs<\/strong>
\ngzip < \/dev\/cdrom > cdromisogz\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Save copy of data cdrom
\nmkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdromisogz\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Create cdrom image from contents of dir
\nmount -o loop cdromiso \/mnt\/dir\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Mount the cdrom image at \/mnt\/dir (read only)
\ncdrecord -v dev=\/dev\/cdrom blank=fast\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Clear a CDRW
\ngzip -dc cdromisogz | cdrecord -v dev=\/dev\/cdrom –\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev)
\ncdparanoia -B\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir
\ncdrecord -v dev=\/dev\/cdrom -audio -pad *wav\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao)
\noggenc –tracknum=’track’ trackcddawav -o ‘trackogg’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Make ogg file from wav file<\/p>\n

disk space (See also FSlint)<\/strong><\/p>\n

ls -lSr\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show files by size, biggest last
\ndu -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show top disk users in current dir See also dutop
\ndu -hs \/home\/* | sort -k1,1h\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Sort paths by easy to interpret disk usage
\ndf -h\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show free space on mounted filesystems
\ndf -i\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show free inodes on mounted filesystems
\nfdisk -l\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root)
\nrpm -q -a –qf ‘%10{SIZE}\\t%{NAME}\\n’ | sort -k1,1n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros
\ndpkg-query -W -f=’${Installed-Size;10}\\t${Package}\\n’ | sort -k1,1n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros
\ndd bs=1 seek=2TB if=\/dev\/null of=ext3test\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Create a large test file (taking no space) See also truncate
\n> file\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0truncate data of file or create an empty file<\/p>\n

monitoring\/debugging<\/strong><\/p>\n

tail -f \/var\/log\/messages\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Monitor messages in a log file
\nstrace -c ls >\/dev\/null\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Summarise\/profile system calls made by command
\nstrace -f -e open ls >\/dev\/null\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List system calls made by command
\nstrace -f -e trace=write -e write=1,2 ls >\/dev\/null\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Monitor what’s written to stdout and stderr
\nltrace -f -e getenv ls >\/dev\/null\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List library calls made by command
\nlsof -p $$\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List paths that process id has open
\nlsof ~\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List processes that have specified path open
\ntcpdump not port 22\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show network traffic except ssh See also tcpdump_not_me<\/p>\n

ps -e -o pid,args –forest\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List processes in a hierarchy
\nps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args –sort pcpu | sed ‘\/^ 00 \/d’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List processes by % cpu usage
\nps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List processes by mem (KB) usage See also ps_mempy
\nps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List all threads for a particular process
\nps -p 1,$$ -o etime=\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List elapsed wall time for particular process IDs<\/p>\n

last reboot\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show system reboot history<\/p>\n

free -m\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB)
\nwatch -n1 ‘cat \/proc\/interrupts’\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Watch changeable data continuously
\nudevadm monitor\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Monitor udev events to help configure rules<\/p>\n

System information (see also sysinfo) (‘#’ means root access is required)<\/strong><\/p>\n

uname -a\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show kernel version and system architecture
\nhead -n1 \/etc\/issue\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show name and version of distribution
\ncat \/proc\/partitions\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show all partitions registered on the system
\ngrep MemTotal \/proc\/meminfo\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show RAM total seen by the system
\ngrep “model name” \/proc\/cpuinfo\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show CPU(s) info
\nlspci -tv\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show PCI info
\nlsusb -tv\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show USB info
\nmount | column -t\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0List mounted filesystems on the system (and align output)
\ngrep -F capacity: \/proc\/acpi\/battery\/BAT0\/info\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show state of cells in laptop battery<\/p>\n

#\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0dmidecode -q | less\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Display SMBIOS\/DMI information
\n#\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0smartctl -A \/dev\/sda | grep Power_On_Hours\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total
\n#\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hdparm -i \/dev\/sda\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Show info about disk sda
\n#\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0hdparm -tT \/dev\/sda\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Do a read speed test on disk sda
\n#\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0badblocks -s \/dev\/sda\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda<\/p>\n

Interactive (see also linux keyboard shortcuts)<\/strong><\/p>\n

readline\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Line editor used by bash, python, bc, gnuplot,
\nscreen\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Virtual terminals with detach capability,
\nmc\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh,
\ngnuplot\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Interactive\/scriptable graphing
\nlinks\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Web browser
\nxdg-open \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0open a file or url with the registered desktop application<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

My Loveable Linux Commands Command Description<\/p>\n

apropos whatis Show commands pertinent to string See also threadsafe man -t ascii | ps2pdf – > asciipdf make a pdf of a manual page which command Show full path name of command time command See how long a command takes time cat Start stopwatch Ctrl-d to stop See […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/634"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=634"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/634\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":636,"href":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/634\/revisions\/636"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=634"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=634"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mohan.sg\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=634"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}