As OpenStack has continued to mature, it has become more complicated in some ways but radically simplified in others. From a deployers view, each service has become easier to deploy with more sensible defaults and the proliferations of cloud distributions. However, the architects view of OpenStack has actually gotten more complicated – new services have been added and new ways of integrating them are now feasible.
As an aid to architects that are new to OpenStack, this post updates my OpenStack Folsom Architectureblog and revisits my Intro to OpenStack Architecture (Grizzly Edition) presentation from Portland, with a few clarfications and updates.
1.OpenStack Introduction
OpenStack and Rackspace is a cooperative research and development of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration to Apache licensed, and is a free software and open source projects.
OpenStack is a cloud platform for project management, it is not a software. The portfolio consists of several main components up to complete some specific work.
OpenStack is designed to provide software for public and private cloud construction and management of open source projects. It has more than 130 community enterprises and 1350 developers, these organizations and individuals will be OpenStack as infrastructure as a service (referred to as IaaS) generic front-end resources. The primary task of the project is to simplify OpenStack cloud deployment process and bring its good scalability. This paper aims to provide the necessary guidance information to help you use the front-end to set up and manage OpenStack own public or private cloud.
OpenStack is jointly developed by Rackspace and NASA’s cloud computing platform to help service providers and enterprises to achieve similar internal Amazon EC2 and S3 cloud infrastructure services (Infrastructure as a Service, IaaS). OpenStack consists of two main modules: Nova and Swift, the former is a NASA developed virtual server deployment and business computing module; latter is developed, distributed Rackspace cloud storage module, the two can be used together, can also be used separately. OpenStack is an open source project, in addition to the strong support of Rackspace and NASA, but after that there including Dell, Citrix, Cisco, Canonical these heavyweights contribution and support, development speed is very fast, has replaced another industry-leading open source cloud platform Eucalyptus trend.
OpenStack Components
There are currently seven core components of OpenStack: Compute, Object Storage, Identity, Dashboard, Block Storage, Network and Image Service. Let’s look at each in turn:
- Object Store (codenamed “Swift“) allows you to store or retrieve files (but not mount directories like a fileserver). Several companies provide commercial storage services based on Swift. These include KT, Rackspace (from which Swift originated) and Hewlett-Packard. Swift is also used internally at many large companies to store their data.
- Image Store (codenamed “Glance“) provides a catalog and repository for virtual disk images. These disk images are mostly commonly used in OpenStack Compute.
- Compute (codenamed “Nova“) provides virtual servers upon demand. Rackspace andHP provide commercial compute services built on Nova and it is used internally at companies like Mercado Libre, Comcast, Best Buy and NASA (where it originated).
- Dashboard (codenamed “Horizon“) provides a modular web-based user interface for all the OpenStack services. With this web GUI, you can perform most operations on your cloud like launching an instance, assigning IP addresses and setting access controls.
- Identity (codenamed “Keystone“) provides authentication and authorization for all the OpenStack services. It also provides a service catalog of services within a particular OpenStack cloud.
- Network (which used to named “Quantum” but is in the process of being renamed due to a trademark issue) provides “network connectivity as a service” between interface devices managed by other OpenStack services (most likely Nova). The service works by allowing users to create their own networks and then attach interfaces to them. Quantum has a pluggable architecture to support many popular networking vendors and technologies.
- Block Storage (codenamed “Cinder“) provides persistent block storage to guest VMs. This project was born from code originally in Nova (the
nova-volumeservice that has been depricated). While this was originally a block storage only service, it has been extended to NFS shares.
In addition to these core projects, there are also a number of non-core projects that will be included in future OpenStack releases.
(1) Calculation: NOVA
(2) Object Storage: SWIFT
(3) Mirror: GLANCE
(4) Identity: KEYSTONE
(5) Network & Address Management: NEUTRON
(6) block storage: CINDER
(7) UI interface: HORIZON
(8) Measurement: CEILOMETER
(9) ASSIGNMENT: HEAT
Conceptual Architecture
The OpenStack project as a whole is designed to “deliver(ing) a massively scalable cloud operating system.” To achieve this, each of the constituent services are designed to work together to provide a complete Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). This integration is facilitated through public application programming interfaces (APIs) that each service offers (and in turn can consume). While these APIs allow each of the services to use another service, it also allows an implementer to switch out any service as long as they maintain the API. These are (mostly) the same APIs that are available to end users of the cloud.
Conceptually, you can picture the relationships between the services as so:
Dashboard provides a web front end to the other OpenStack services
Compute stores and retrieves virtual disks (“images”) and associated metadata in the Image Store (“Glance”)
Network provides virtual networking for Compute.
Block Storage provides storage volumes for Compute.
Image Store can store the actual virtual disk files in the Object Store
All the services authenticate with Identity
This is a stylized and simplified view of the architecture, assuming that the implementer is using all of the services together in the most common configuration. However, OpenStack does not mandate an all-or-nothing approach. Many implementers only deploy the pieces that they need. For example, Swift is a popular object store for cloud service providers, even if they deploy another cloud compute infrastructure.
The diagram also only shows the “operator” side of the cloud — it does not picture how consumers of the cloud may actually use it. For example, many users will access object storage heavily (and directly).
Logical Architecture
As you can imagine, the logical architecture is far more complicated than the conceptual architecture shown above. As with any service-oriented architecture, diagrams quickly become “messy” trying to illustrate all the possible combinations of service communications. The diagram below, illustrates the most common architecture of an OpenStack-based cloud. However, as OpenStack supports a wide variety of technologies, it does not represent the only architecture possible.
This picture is consistent with the conceptual architecture above in that:
End users interact through a common web interface or directly to each service through their API
All services authenticate through a common source (facilitated through Keystone)
Individual services interact with each other through their APIs (except where privileged administrator commands are necessary) — including the user’s web interface
In the sections below, we’ll delve into the architecture for each of the services.
Dashboard
Horizon is a modular Django web application that provides an end user and cloud operator interface to OpenStack services.
he interface has user screens for:
Quota and usage information
Instances to operate cloud virtual machines
Volume management to control creation, deletion and connectivity to block storage
Image and snapshot to upload and control virtual images, which are used to backup and boot new instances
Access and security to manage keypairs and security groups (firewall rules)
In addition to the user screens, it also provides an interface for cloud operators. The operator interface sees across the entire cloud and adds some configuration focused screens such as:
Flavors to define service catalog offerings of CPU, memory and boot disk storage
Projects to provide logical groups of user accounts
Users to administer user accounts
System Info to view services running in the cloud and quotas applied to projects
The Grizzly edition of Horizon adds a few new features as well as significant refactoring to the user experience:
Networking (see the new network topology diagrams)
Direct image upload to Glance
Support for flavor extra specs
Migrate instances to other compute hosts
User experience improvements
The Horizon architecture is fairly simple. Horizon is usually deployed via mod_wsgi in Apache. The code itself is separated into a reusable python module with most of the logic (interactions with various OpenStack APIs) and presentation (to make it easily customizable for different sites).
From a network architecture point of view, this service will need to be customer accessible as well as be able to talk to each service’s public APIs. If you wish to use the administrator functionality (i.e. for other services), it will also need connectivity to their Admin API endpoints (which should not be customer accessible).
Compute
Nova is the most complicated and distributed component of OpenStack. A large number of processes cooperate to turn end user API requests into running virtual machines. Among Nova more prominent features are:
Starting, resizing, stopping and querying virtual machines (“instances”)
Assigning and removing public IP addresses
Attaching and detaching block storage
Adding, modifying and deleting security groups
Show instance consoles
Snapshot running instances
There are several changes to the architecture in this release. These changes include the depreciation of nova-network and nova-volume as well as the decoupling of nova-compute from the database (through the no-compute-db feature). All of these changes are all optional (the old code is still available to be used), but are slated to disappear soon.
Below is a list of these processes and their functions:
nova-api is a family of daemons (nova-api, nova-api-os-compute, nova-api-ec2, nova-api-metadata or nova-api-all) that accept and respond to end user compute API calls. It supports OpenStack Compute API, Amazon’s EC2 API and a special Admin API (for privileged users to perform administrative actions). It also initiates most of the orchestration activities (such as running an instance) as well as enforces some policy (mostly quota checks). Different daemons allow Nova to implement different APIs (Amazon EC2, OpenStack Compute, Metadata) or combination of APIs (nova-api starts both the EC2 and OpenStack APIs).
The nova-compute process is primarily a worker daemon that creates and terminates virtual machine instances via hypervisor’s APIs (XenAPI for XenServer/XCP, libvirt for KVM or QEMU, VMwareAPI for VMware, etc.). New to the Grizzly release is the return of Hyper-V (thanks to the Cloudbase Solutions guys for the comment). The process by which it does so is fairly complex but the basics are simple: accept actions from the queue and then perform a series of system commands (like launching a KVM instance) to carry them out while updating state in the database through nova-conductor. Please note that the use of nova-conductor is optional in this release, but does greatly increase security.
The nova-scheduler process is conceptually the simplest piece of code in OpenStack Nova: take a virtual machine instance request from the queue and determines where it should run (specifically, which compute server host it should run on). In practice, it is now one of the most complex.
A new service called nova-conductor has been added to this release. It mediates access to the database for other daemons (only nova-compute in this release) to provide greater security.
The queue provides a central hub for passing messages between daemons. This is usually implemented with RabbitMQ today, but could be any AMPQ message queue (such as Apache Qpid), or Zero MQ.
The SQL database stores most of the build-time and run-time state for a cloud infrastructure. This includes the instance types that are available for use, instances in use, networks available and projects. Theoretically, OpenStack Nova can support any database supported by SQL-Alchemy but the only databases currently being widely used are sqlite3 (only appropriate for test and development work), MySQL and PostgreSQL.
Nova also provides console services to allow end users to access their virtual instance’s console through a proxy. This involves several daemons (nova-console, nova-xvpvncproxy, nova-spicehtml5proxy and nova-consoleauth).
Nova interacts with many other OpenStack services: Keystone for authentication, Glance for images and Horizon for web interface. The Glance interactions are central. The API process can upload and query Glance while nova-compute will download images for use in launching images.
Object Store
OpenStack’s Object Store (“Swift”) is designed to provide large scale storage of data that is accessible via APIs. Unlike a traditional file server, it is completely distributed, storing multiple copies of each object to achieve greater availability and scalability. Swift provides the following user functionality:
Stores and retrieves objects (files)
Sets and modifies metadata on objects (tags)
Versions objects
Serve static web pages and objects via HTTP. In fact, the diagrams in this blog post are being served out of Rackspace’s Swift service.
The swift architecture is very distributed to prevent any single point of failure as well as to scale horizontally. It includes the following components:
Proxy server (swift-proxy-server) accepts incoming requests via the OpenStack Object API or just raw HTTP. It accepts files to upload, modifications to metadata or container creation. In addition, it will also serve files or container listing to web browsers. The proxy server may utilize an optional cache (usually deployed with memcache) to improve performance.
Account servers manage accounts defined with the object storage service.
Container servers manage a mapping of containers (i.e folders) within the object store service.
Object servers manage actual objects (i.e. files) on the storage nodes.
There are also a number of periodic process which run to perform housekeeping tasks on the large data store. The most important of these is the replication services, which ensures consistency and availability through the cluster. Other periodic processes include auditors, updaters and reapers. Authentication for the object store service is handled through configurable WSGI middleware (which will usually be Keystone).
To learn more about Swift, head over to the SwiftStack website and read their OpenStack Swift Architecture.
Image Store
OpenStack Image Store centralizes virtual images for users and other cloud services:
Stores public and private images that users can utilize to start instances
Users can query and list available images for use
Delivers images to Nova to start instances
Snapshots from running instances can be stored so that virtual machines can be backed
The Glance architecture has stayed relatively stable since the Cactus release.
glance-api accepts Image API calls for image discovery, image retrieval and image storage.
glance-registry stores, processes and retrieves metadata about images (size, type, etc.).
A database to store the image metadata. Like Nova, you can choose your database depending on your preference (but most people use MySQL or SQlite).
A storage repository for the actual image files. In the diagram above, Swift is shown as the image repository, but this is configurable. In addition to Swift, Glance supports normal filesystems, RADOS block devices, Amazon S3 and HTTP. Be aware that some of these choices are limited to read-only usage.
There are also a number of periodic process which run on Glance to support caching. The most important of these is the replication services, which ensures consistency and availability through the cluster. Other periodic processes include auditors, updaters and reapers.
As you can see from the diagram in the Conceptual Architecture section, Glance serves a central role to the overall IaaS picture. It accepts API requests for images (or image metadata) from end users or Nova components and can store its disk files in the object storage service, Swift.
Identity
Keystone provides a single point of integration for OpenStack policy, catalog, token and authentication:
Authenticate users and issue tokens for access to services
Store users and tenants for a role-based access control (RBAC)
Provides a catalog of the services (and their API endpoints) in the cloud
Create policies across users and services
Architecturally, Keystone is very simple:
keystone handles API requests as well as providing configurable catalog, policy, token and identity services.
Each Keystone function has a pluggable backend which allows different ways to use the particular service. Most support standard backends like LDAP or SQL, as well as Key Value Stores (KVS).
Most people will use this as a point of customization for their current authentication services.
Network
Quantum provides “network connectivity as a service” between interface devices
managed by other OpenStack services (most likely Nova). It allows users to:
Users can create their own networks and then attach server interfaces to them
Pluggable backend architecture lets users take advantage of commodity gear or vendor supported equipment
Extensions allow additional network services like load balancing
Like many of the OpenStack services, Quantum is highly configurable due to it’s
plug-in architecture. These plug-ins accommodate different networking equipment
and software. As such, the architecture and deployment can vary dramatically.
quantum-server accepts API requests and then routes them to the
appropriate quantum plugin for action.
Quantum plugins and agents perform the actual work such as plugging and
unplugging ports, creating networks or subnets and IP addressing. These
plugins and agents differ depending on the vendor and technologies used in the
particular cloud. Quantum ships with plugins and agents for: Cisco virtual and
physical switches, Nicira NVP product, NEC OpenFlow products, Open vSwitch,
Linux bridging and the Ryu Network Operating System. Midokua also provides a plug-in for Quantum integration. The common agents are L3 (layer 3), DHCP (dynamic host IP addressing) and vendor specific plug-in agent(s).
Most Quantum installations will also make use of a messaging queue to route
information between the quantum-server and various agents as well as a
database to store networking state for particular plugins.
Quantum will interact mainly with Nova, where it will provide networks and
connectivity for its instances. Florian Otel has written very thorough article on implementing Open vSwitch is you are looking for an example of Quantum in action.
Block Storage
Cinder separates out the persistent block storage functionality that was
previously part of Openstack Compute (in the form of nova-volume) into it’s own
service. The OpenStack Block Storage API allows for manipulation of volumes,
volume types (similar to compute flavors) and volume snapshots:
Create, modify and delete volumes
Snapshot or backup volumes
Query volume status and metadata
It’s architecture follows the Quantum model, which provides for a northbound API and vendor plugins underneath it.
cinder-api accepts API requests and routes them to cinder-volume
for action.
cinder-volume acts upon the requests by reading or writing to the
Cinder database to maintain state, interacting with other processes (like
cinder-scheduler) through a message queue and directly upon block
storage providing hardware or software. It can interact with a variety of
storage providers through a driver architecture. Currently, there are included drivers for IBM (Xiv, Storwize and SVC), SolidFire, Scality, Coraid appliances, RADOS block storage (Ceph), Sheepdog, NetApp, Windows Server 2012 iSCSI, HP (Lefthand and 3PAR), Nexenta appliances, Huawei (T series and Dorado storage systems), Zadara VPSA, Red Hat’s GlusterFS, EMC (VNX and VMAX arrays), Xen and linux iSCSI.
Much like nova-scheduler, the cinder-scheduler daemon picks the optimal
block storage provider node to create the volume on.
cinder-backup is a new service that backs up the data from a volume (not a full snapshot) to a backend service. Currently, the only shipping backend service is Swift.
Cinder deployments will also make use of a messaging queue to route
information between the cinder processes as well as a database to store volume state.
Like Quantum, Cinder will mainly interact with Nova, providing volumes for its
instances.
Future Projects
In the next version of OpenStack (“Havana” which is due in the Fall of 2013), two new projects will be brought into the fold:
Ceilometer is a metering project. The project offers metering information and the ability to code more ways to know what has happened on an OpenStack cloud. While it provides metering, it is not a billing project. A full billing solution requires metering, rating, and billing. Metering lets you know what actions have taken place, rating enables pricing and line items, and billing gathers the line items to create a bill to send to the consumer and collect payment. For users that also want a billing package, BillingStack is another open source project that provides payment gateway and other billing features. Ceilometer is available as a preview now.
Heat provides a REST API to orchestrate multiple cloud applications implementing standards such as AWS CloudFormation.
Looking beyond the “Havana” release, OpenStack is slated to see the addition of two more projects in the Spring of 2014 (for the newly named “Icehouse” release):
Reddwarf is a database as a service offering that provides MySQL databases within OpenVZ containers upon demand.
Ironic is the aptly named project that uses OpenStack to deploy bare metal servers instead of virtualized cloud instances.
There are also a number of related but unofficial projects:
Moniker that provides DNS-as-a-service for OpenStack
Marconi which is a message queueing service
Savanna to provision Hadoop clusters on OpenStack
Murano that allows a non-experienced user to deploy reliable Windows based environments
Convection is a task or workflow service to execute command sequences or long running jobs
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