RHCE7 certification study notes
— system file directory structure
, RHEL7 system file directory
Basically RHEL7 directory structure remains the same as the original directory structure RHEL6,
the difference is, RHEL7 increasing the Run directory, the default file is used to automatically mount CD-ROM, and CD-ROM in RHEL6 default mount directory is the Media.
choose manual zoning, you must divide the partition: /, boot, swap.
2, reinstall the system, you only need to format the “/” directory to other directories on their own partitions without formatting, keeping the original user files are not deleted
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# ls
bin boot dev etc home lib lib64 media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]#
study notes 2
— command line file
1, create and delete files
Create a file touch xxxx
touch -t 20151225 create a file and specify time properties
rm xxx delete the file
rm -rf forced to delete files
2. Create a directory and delete the directory
mkdir -p xxx/yyy recursively create directories;
rmdir xxx delete empty directories;
rm -rf XXX forcibly remove non-empty directories;
3, copy files and directories
cp /path1/xxx /path2/xxx/
cp -p /path1/xxx /path2/yyy copy files to retain the original file attributes;
cp -Rf (or -rf)/path1/ /path2/ copy files to a directory directory path1 path2
cp -a cp -dR –preserve=all
4 Cut files
mv /path1/xx /path2/yy
5 View Files
cat xx less
more
less
3– redirection and piping
Redirect correct content:
cat xx.file> yy.file equivalent
cat xx.file 1> yy.file redirected to the file contents yy.file, will overwrite the original file contents;
cat /etc/passwd & >> /tmp/xx
cat /etc/passwd > /tmp/xx 2>&1
tail -f /var/log/messages >/tmp/xx 2>/tmp/yy
ps aux | grep tail | grep -v ‘grep’
ls -al /dev/
to redirect the file contents input to a command
tr
cat > /tmp/xxx <<EOF
>test1
>test2
>test3
>EOF
cat <<EOF> /tmp/xxx
>test2
>test3
>test4
>EOF
number of rows grep -n before looking for the number of rows plus -i ignore case, -A 3 looking for then displayed, B 3 show the number of rows -v looking for negative keywords before after content, -q Do not display output;
grep -n1 B1 -A root /etc/passwd
ifconfig | grep ‘inet’|grep -v ‘inet6’| awk ‘BEGIN{print “IP\t\tnetmask”}{print $2,”\t”,$4}END{}’
ifconfig | grep ‘inet’|grep -v ‘inet6’| tee -a /tmp/yy|awk ‘BEGIN{print “IP\t\tnetmask”}{print $2,”\t”,$4}END{}’
4 – Vim editor use
1, gedit graphical editing files
2, Vim operating a file, if the file exists is opened, if the file does not exist, it is created:
When using Vim to edit the file to open, the default is the command-line mode:
4. When you edit the file, enter the command line insert mode, press the following keys to enter:
i, from the current cursor enters;
a, from the current cursor one character to enter;
o, in the current row into the next row;
I, from the current cursor jump to the beginning of the line and into the Bank;
A, skip to the end and enter the Bank;
O, in the Bank of the line to insert a row;
r, to replace the current character;
R, to replace the current character and move to the next character;
number + G: jump to a specific row, such as 10G jumps to line 10, GG jump to the last line, gg jump to the first line;
number + yy: copy current number of rows down, in any line can be pasted by p;
number + dd: Cut down the number of rows currently in any line adhesive according to p;
u: undo the last step of the operation;
ctrl + r: to restore the previous step;
ctrl + v: to enter visual block mode, the cursor moves up and down, select the content, press y copy selected content, at any position by pasting;
Fast beginning of the line to add a comment #, move the cursor to select the line, then press I to the start position,
press #, press ESC to exit
#abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
#pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
#gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
#gnome-initial-setup:x:993:991::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin
:split?ctrl+w
To view detailed help Vim, you can enter Vimtutor.
5, line mode to save the file, find, property settings, replacement and other operations
Enter the last line mode, ESC from insert into command mode, enter 🙁 / or generally used to find, n from the look down, N from the look-up)
Save: wq to save and exit, or x;
Force Quit: q without saving the file content;!
Display line numbers: set nu, if the default display line numbers, you will need to modify the home directory vimrc file or / etc / vimrc, no file is created, insert a row set nu;
Switching specified line: direct input line number;
Replace: 1,$s /old /new /g Replace globally all
m, ns /old /new /g replace m row to match the contents of all n rows, on behalf of the current line, $representatives last line,
$ -. 1 represents the penultimate line, (1, $) can also be used to replace%,
They are expressed full text. If you want to match the contents of which have special characters such as /, *, etc., to be added in front of the escape character \
You can use the s # old # new #, using the # separator, the special characters do not need to escape;
Find backslash below, if you want to ignore the case, look at the back of the content plus \ c, for example: / servername \ c
study notes 5– manage users and user groups
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# passwd –help
Usage: passwd [OPTION…] <accountName>
-k, –keep-tokens keep non-expired authentication tokens
-d, –delete delete the password for the named account (root only)
-l, –lock lock the password for the named account (root only)
-u, –unlock unlock the password for the named account (root only)
-e, –expire expire the password for the named account (root only)
-f, –force force operation
-x, –maximum=DAYS maximum password lifetime (root only)
-n, –minimum=DAYS minimum password lifetime (root only)
-w, –warning=DAYS number of days warning users receives before password expiration (root only)
-i, –inactive=DAYS number of days after password expiration when an account becomes disabled (root only)
-S, –status report password status on the named account (root only)
–stdin read new tokens from stdin (root only)
Help options:
-?, –help Show this help message
–usage Display brief usage message
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]#
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# chage –help
Usage: chage [options] LOGIN
Options:
-d, –lastday LAST_DAY set date of last password change to LAST_DAY
-E, –expiredate EXPIRE_DATE set account expiration date to EXPIRE_DATE
-h, –help display this help message and exit
-I, –inactive INACTIVE set password inactive after expiration
to INACTIVE
-l, –list show account aging information
-m, –mindays MIN_DAYS set minimum number of days before password
change to MIN_DAYS
-M, –maxdays MAX_DAYS set maximim number of days before password
change to MAX_DAYS
-R, –root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into
-W, –warndays WARN_DAYS set expiration warning days to WARN_DAYS
root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# useradd –help
Usage: useradd [options] LOGIN
useradd -D
useradd -D [options]
Options:
-b, –base-dir BASE_DIR base directory for the home directory of the
new account
-c, –comment COMMENT GECOS field of the new account
-d, –home-dir HOME_DIR home directory of the new account
-D, –defaults print or change default useradd configuration
-e, –expiredate EXPIRE_DATE expiration date of the new account
-f, –inactive INACTIVE password inactivity period of the new account
-g, –gid GROUP name or ID of the primary group of the new
account
-G, –groups GROUPS list of supplementary groups of the new
account
-h, –help display this help message and exit
-k, –skel SKEL_DIR use this alternative skeleton directory
-K, –key KEY=VALUE override /etc/login.defs defaults
-l, –no-log-init do not add the user to the lastlog and
faillog databases
-m, –create-home create the user’s home directory
-M, –no-create-home do not create the user’s home directory
-N, –no-user-group do not create a group with the same name as
the user
-o, –non-unique allow to create users with duplicate
(non-unique) UID
-p, –password PASSWORD encrypted password of the new account
-r, –system create a system account
-R, –root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into
-s, –shell SHELL login shell of the new account
-u, –uid UID user ID of the new account
-U, –user-group create a group with the same name as the user
-Z, –selinux-user SEUSER use a specific SEUSER for the SELinux user mapping
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# usermod –help
Usage: usermod [options] LOGIN
Options:
-c, –comment COMMENT new value of the GECOS field
-d, –home HOME_DIR new home directory for the user account
-e, –expiredate EXPIRE_DATE set account expiration date to EXPIRE_DATE
-f, –inactive INACTIVE set password inactive after expiration
to INACTIVE
-g, –gid GROUP force use GROUP as new primary group
-G, –groups GROUPS new list of supplementary GROUPS
-a, –append append the user to the supplemental GROUPS
mentioned by the -G option without removing
him/her from other groups
-h, –help display this help message and exit
-l, –login NEW_LOGIN new value of the login name
-L, –lock lock the user account
-m, –move-home move contents of the home directory to the
new location (use only with -d)
-o, –non-unique allow using duplicate (non-unique) UID
-p, –password PASSWORD use encrypted password for the new password
-R, –root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into
-s, –shell SHELL new login shell for the user account
-u, –uid UID new UID for the user account
-U, –unlock unlock the user account
-Z, –selinux-user SEUSER new SELinux user mapping for the user account
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# useradd test1
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# mkdir /home/test
root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# usermod -d /home/test1 test
usermod: user ‘test’ does not exist
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# cp -a /etc/skel/.[^.]* /home/test/
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# groups test1
test1 : test1
usermod -a -G mohan test1
usermod -g
[root@RHEL7HARDEN /]# gpasswd –help
Usage: gpasswd [option] GROUP
Options:
-a, –add USER add USER to GROUP
-d, –delete USER remove USER from GROUP
-h, –help display this help message and exit
-Q, –root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into
-r, –delete-password remove the GROUP’s password
-R, –restrict restrict access to GROUP to its members
-M, –members USER,… set the list of members of GROUP
-A, –administrators ADMIN,…
set the list of administrators for GROUP
Except for the -A and -M options, the options cannot be combined.
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